NON-STATE ACTORS IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: CONTRIBUTIONS AND CHALLENGES

Abstract

Climate change presents a global challenge that requires collective action beyond state-level efforts. This study examines the role of non-state actors (NSAs)— including NGOs, corporations, local governments, and civil society—in climate change mitigation. It explores their contributions, such as advocacy campaigns, technological innovations, corporate sustainability initiatives, and partnerships with governmental institutions, while also identifying the challenges they face, including the lack of legal frameworks, financial constraints, political resistance, and accountability issues. Applying Liberalism and Global Governance Theory, this research highlights how NSAs contribute to climate governance by promoting international cooperation and decentralized policy implementation. A qualitative research approach is employed, utilizing document analysis, case studies, and thematic evaluation to assess NSA-led initiatives like C40 Cities and The Climate Group, and their engagement in COP29 discussions. Findings suggest that while NSAs play a pivotal role in climate action, their effectiveness is often hindered by structural and institutional barriers. The study recommends enhancing NSA participation in policy-making, strengthening legal frameworks, and improving accountability mechanisms to maximize their impact. Addressing these challenges will ensure that NSAs continue to be key drivers of sustainable and inclusive climate action, working alongside state actors to achieve global environmental goals.