THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE OF FEMALE CRIMINALITY: INVESTIGATING KEY FACTORS AMONG WOMEN IN KARACHI’S CENTRAL PRISON

Abstract

The study investigated the “Socio-economic Factors Leading to Criminality among Women in Karachi.” It specifically focused on how substance abuse, income stability, and history of arrest influence the type of crimes committed. Given the unique challenges faced by female prisoners, understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective interventions. Quantitative research was conducted using structured questionnaires to collect data through face-to-face interviews with a sample of 48 female prisoners, drawn from the central prison for women Karachi. The study aimed to explore the diverse social and economic factors affecting criminal behavior in this population, which is often overlooked in criminological studies. The target population was selected due to rising concerns about the specific circumstances of female prisoners and the need for focused research on their experiences. A simple random sampling technique ensured diverse representation in the sample. The questionnaires included closed-ended questions, allowing for efficient and reliable data collection. Ethical considerations were strictly upheld throughout the research process. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, confidentiality was maintained, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time. The findings indicate that a substantial portion of participants were aged 18-25 (31%), with 27% aged above 39. A significant number identified as single (42%), while 25% reported being married. The largest group of participants resided in areas categorized as "Other," including Kemari and Lanhdi (38%), ethnically, Sindhi participants formed the largest group (31%), followed by Pashtun (23%) and both Punjabi and Baloch (21% each). Family structures revealed that 38% lived in joint families, while 31% were from nuclear families. Most participants owned their homes (38%), and a significant proportion had 5 to 9 family members (31%). Daily meal sharing was common, reported by 42% of participants. Economic data showed that 29% had an income between 11,000 to 20,000, but nearly half (46%) felt their income was sufficient to meet their needs. Financial security varied, with 42% feeling somewhat secure. The primary source of personal expense coverage was through husbands (25%), followed by borrowing (21%). Regarding criminal history, 42% of participants had been arrested, with drug- related offenses being the most common crime (25%). Economic challenges were prevalent, with 38% struggling to pay bills and 46% believing economic challenges influence criminality. The study also highlighted the role of substance abuse, with 52% of participants using drugs before imprisonment. Tobacco was the most commonly used substance (19%). Notably, 44% were currently in treatment for substance abuse, and 23% strongly agreed that drugs contribute to criminality. These findings underscore the complex interplay of socio-economic factors and highlight the need for targeted interventions that address financial stability, family dynamics, and substance abuse to reduce criminal behavior among female prisoners.