NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS IN WATER PURIFICATION: AN ANALYSIS OF ADSORPTION, CATALYSIS, AND REMEDIATION

Abstract

Water contamination is a critical global issue, necessitating the development of advanced purification techniques. Nanostructured materials have emerged as highly effective solutions for water treatment due to their exceptional adsorption, catalytic, and remediation properties. This study explores the role of various nanomaterials, including metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon- based materials, and polymeric nanostructures, in removing heavy metals, organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants. The synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of these materials are discussed in detail, along with their mechanisms of action in adsorption and catalytic degradation. Additionally, the advantages and challenges associated with nanomaterials, such as high efficiency, selectivity, cost considerations, and environmental safety, are examined. The study highlights recent dvancements in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and hybrid nanocomposites, emphasizing their potential for sustainable water purification. Future research directions focus on integrating bio-inspired designs, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven material optimization, and scalable production techniques. This review underscores the transformative impact of nanotechnology in water purification and the need for further studies to address challenges in large-scale implementation and regulatory compliance.