UNDERSTANDING THE BASIS OF AFGHANISTAN POLITICAL SYSTEM BETWEEN 2001 AND 2021

Abstract

This qualitative study, based on secondary data, explores the political system of Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021. Following the Bonn Agreement of 2001, Afghanistan adopted a democratic framework, formally established through a new constitution that outlined the roles and responsibilities of state institutions. Central to this system was the electoral process, with four presidential elections and multiple rounds of national assembly, provincial, district, and municipal elections conducted during this period. The president functioned as both head of state and government, leading the cabinet and appointing ministers, who required parliamentary approval. The study concludes that despite challenges, the political structure during these two decades was fundamentally rooted in democratic principles.