EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY OF WORK-RELATED FLOW, PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL, AND WORK ENGAGEMENT AMONG VOLUNTEERS IN NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: A GENDER-BASED ANALYSIS

Abstract

The present study focuses on understanding the relationship between psychological capital, work-related flow, and work engagement in volunteers working in non- profit organizations (NPOs) through the lens of gender differences. Psychological capital refers to a positive psychological state characterized by self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience. Work-related flow is a state of deep immersion and enjoyment in work, and work engagement refers to a positive, fulfilling work- related state of mind. Volunteers are individuals who willingly spend their talent, energy, power, and potency in serving humanity without the greed of financial support. The basic purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among the said variables. It also aimed at exploring gender differences regarding the said variables. A quantitative, correlational approach was employed in this research. The data was collected from a sample of 162 volunteers with a turnover of 155 volunteers working in different NPOs of Pakistan via self-report questionnaires. This study incorporates the JDR-Model as its theoretical framework. Correlational analysis reveals that there exists a significant positive relation between psychological capital, work-related flow, and work engagement. Furthermore, findings from independent sample t-tests suggest notable gender differences in work- related flow and work engagement, with higher rates among females in both areas, while there are no significant gender differences in psychological capital. This research adds to the literature and aids in establishing gender specific policies for the enhancement of volunteering services. Limitations of this study include a small sample size, which may reduce the generalizability of results. In the future, longitudinal and qualitative research can be done to further contribute in the existing literature.